Sources of wastewater from small communities include homes, farms, hospitals, and businesses. Some communities have combined sewers that collect both wastewater and storm water runoff from streets, lawns, farms, and other land areas. So wastewater can include any debris from streets and waste oils, pesticides, fertilizers, and wastes from humans and animals. Wastewater from a typical household might include toilet wastes; used water from sinks, baths, showers, washing machines, and dishwashers; and anything else that can be put down the drain or flushed down the toilet.
Feces and urine from both humans and animals carry many disease-causing organisms. Wastewater also may contain harmful chemicals and heavy metals known to cause a variety of environmental and health problems. Disease-causing organisms (pathogens) from humans can enter a community's wastewater from patients at hospitals, or from anyone who is sick or a carrier of disease. Carriers may not have symptoms or even know they have a disease. Animal wastes often enter from farms, meat packing and processing facilities, and from rats and other animals found in or around sewage or sewers.
Much of our wastewater, treated or untreated, eventually ends up in our rivers, streams, lakes, and oceans-sometimes via groundwater, the underground water source we tap for well water. We often assume that groundwater is pure-and it usually is-but unfortunately, well water contaminated by sewage is a common cause of outbreaks of wastewater-related diseases.
When untreated wastewater reaches water used as a drinking water source for the community, there can be significant health risks. The effectiveness of drinking water treatment can be reduced when water is heavily contaminated with waste. To ensure safe drinking water, communities need both effective water and wastewater treatment. In addition, communities need to make sure that untreated wastes are not disposed of improperly on land where people can come in direct contact with it or where it can attract disease-carrying insects or animals.
Humans "catch" diseases from wastewater in a variety of ways. Pathogens in wastewater may be transmitted by direct contact with sewage, by eating food or drinking water contaminated with sewage, or through contact with human, animal, or insect carriers.
For example, direct contact might accidentally occur as a result of walking in fields fertilized with untreated wastes, playing or walking in a yard with a failed septic system, touching raw sewage disposed of in open areas, swimming or bathing in contaminated water, or working with or coming into contact with animals or wastewater and not following proper hygiene.
Houseflies can be used to illustrate the dangers posed by disease carriers. Flies, which have tastebuds on their feet, always land directly on the food they eat-and on any given day, that could mean raw sewage (a fly favorite) followed by picnic food. The hairs on a housefly's body can carry millions of pathogens, which then brush off on anything the fly touches. By making sure that wastewater is treated and disposed of properly, communities can control the spread of disease by flies and other disease carriers, such as rats, lice, cockroaches, and mosquitoes. By controlling the population of these animals and insects, communities also help to control the other, non-wastewater related diseases they may carry. But by far the most common way that people contract diseases from wastewater is through the fecal-oral route, or in other words, by eating food or drinking water contaminated by sewage or by not washing hands after contact with sewage.
In communities where wastewater treatment is inadequate or nonexistent, the opportunities for people to become infected seem endless. For example, people have become ill by doing the following:
- Drinking contaminated water, juices made with water, or other beverages made with contaminated water or ice
- Eating food improperly handled by infected people or carriers (often workers in restaurants or food processing facilities)
- Eating vegetables and fruits contaminated by irrigation with polluted water or fertilized with untreated sewage or sewage sludge
- Eating meat or drinking milk from animals that grazed on contaminated pasture or drank contaminated water
- Eating fish or shellfish grown, caught, or harvested in contaminated water
- Eating food exposed to flies or vermin that feed on or come into contact with sewage
Bacteria are microscopic organisms that are responsible for several wastewater related diseases, including typhoid, paratyphoid, bacillary dysentery, gastroenteritis, and cholera. Many of these illnesses have similar symptoms, which vary in severity. Most infect the stomach and intestinal tract and can cause symptoms like headache, diarrhea (sometimes with blood), abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, and vomiting. Depending on the bacteria involved, symptoms can begin hours to several days after ingestion. Often, infected people will experience only mild symptoms or no symptoms at all. However, anyone experiencing frequent diarrhea and vomiting should seek medical attention immediately. Severe dehydration and death can result with serious cases, sometimes within a day.
Typhoid
Early in this century, typhoid fever was a major cause of death from outbreaks of waterborne disease in this country. Today, water and wastewater treatment has almost eliminated this highly infectious disease in developed countries, but it continues to be a problem in many areas of the world. Typhoid symptoms often include fever, constipation, loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal rash. An outbreak of typhoid fever was reported in Ain Taya, Algeria, with 910 suspected cases. The cause was traced to sewage contaminating the water reservoirs after a sewage pipe had been damaged during construction work.
Cholera
Cholera is another waterborne bacterial disease that used to be responsible for recurring outbreaks in the U.S. It is again a threat in much of the world. Cholera spreads quickly, especially in areas where people live in crowded conditions without toilets or clean water. Outbreaks also result from people eating contaminated seafood.
Since 1961, there has been a devastating global epidemic of cholera, which spread to this part of the world in 1991. A Chinese freighter that dumped its wastewater into the harbor at Lima, Peru, is suspected of having brought the disease to Latin America for the first time in more than 100 years. The epidemic quickly spread to Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, and north to Mexico. At least 10,000 deaths and 1 million cases have been reported to the Pan American Health Organization from Latin America alone.
Because cholera can be controlled with water treatment and boil-water advisories, a massive outbreak is unlikely in the U.S. However, smaller, isolated outbreaks have occurred. Oyster beds contaminated with cholera bacteria were found in Mobile, Alabama, in 1991 and were closed by health officials. Other small outbreaks in the U.S. originated from travelers eating contaminated seafood or seafood brought home in suitcases.
Viruses are microscopic parasitic organisms. They are smaller than bacteria and can be seen only with an electron microscope. Some can infect people through wastewater. Viruses can't multiply outside their hosts, and wastewater is a hostile environment for them. But enough viruses can survive in water to make people sick.
Hepatitis A, polio, and viral gastroenteritis are a few of the diseases that can be contracted from viruses in wastewater. Viral gastroenteritis is thought to be one of the leading causes of illness in the U.S.
There may be as many as 100 different virus types present in raw sewage, but they are difficult to identify. Much is still not known about the viruses and other pathogens in wastewater or their exact behavior and effect on humans. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, tests using DNA to help detect and identify viruses are being developed.
Until recently, most Americans haven't been concerned about parasites in their drinking water. But in the past few years, well-publicized outbreaks of giardiasis (caused by the protozoan Giardia lambia), and cryptosporidiosis (caused by the protozoan Cryptosporidium) have brought attention to these organisms.
The types of parasites found in wastewater include protozoans and helminths (parasitic worms). When people drink water contaminated with protozoans, they can multiply inside the body and cause mild to severe diarrhea. Another protozoan, Entameoba histolytica, is the cause of amebiosis, also known as amebic dysentery. Amebiosis used to be a major cause of illness in the U.S. before the days of widespread water and wastewater treatment. Bloody diarrhea is a major symptom.
Infected people become carriers of protozoans and shed them in feces. The protozoans can form a protective covering (called cysts) and become inactive when in hostile environments, like water and wastewater. In this stage, they are often resistant to disinfection and water treatment methods. While outbreaks can be controlled by boiling water, the best strategy is to prevent pollution by limiting the amount of untreated wastes released to water sources.
Parasitic worms can also dwell in untreated sewage. Tapeworms and roundworms are the most common types found in the U.S. Their eggs are found in untreated wastewater and can be ingested. Hookworms are still present in the southeastern U.S. They usually enter through the skin or bare feet. Symptoms from parasitic worms vary, but can include abdominal pain, weight loss, anemia, and fatigue.
Whether or not someone will get sick after being exposed to untreated wastewater is hard to predict. There are enough disease causing organisms in wastewater, however, to make contact with it always very risky.
Many people who are infected with pathogens or pollutants in water never even develop symptoms. How healthy you are to begin with, whether or not you have built up a resistance to a specific disease, how the organism or substance enters your body, how potent or toxic it is, and the size of the dose all contribute to how severely you will be affected.
People who have suppressed immune systems because of HIV/Aids, chronic disease, chemotherapy, or other conditions are especially at risk from wastewater-related diseases. Children, the elderly, and the urban and rural poor are also significantly more at risk than the general population.
Because of inadequate wastewater treatment, excessive amounts of the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus sometimes invade water sources causing algae blooms. Algae blooms are dangerous to fish because they use a lot of the oxygen in the water. They can also have a strong, objectionable smell and can affect the taste of water.
Too much nitrogen in water can also be dangerous for humans. It is the cause of methemoglobinemia, or blue baby syndrome-a condition that prevents the normal uptake of oxygen in the blood of young babies. It is also suspected of causing miscarriages.Excess nutrients in coastal waters may also be related to certain "red tides," which kill fish and other aquatic life and can cause shellfish poisonings and certain respiratory illnesses in humans.
Metals, such as cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc, can also be found in wastewater. Some of these metals are needed in trace amounts by our bodies, but can be harmful in larger doses. Acute poisoning from heavy metals in water is rare in the U.S., but whether ingesting small amounts over an extended period of time has any accumulative effects is unknown. Other potentially toxic substances can enter wastewater from various sources, such as local business, industry, or storm water runoff. These substances can include pesticides and chemicals like chlorinated hydrocarbons, phenol, PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), and benzene.
Preventing potentially harmful substances from polluting water in the first place is always the best strategy for protecting health and the environment and preserving valuable water resources for community use and recreation. Communities can help through programs that ensure local businesses and industries properly pretreat and dispose of the wastewater they generate. Communities can also educate and encourage homeowners to properly dispose of hazardous household chemicals, such as paints, varnishes, photographic solutions, pesticides, and motor oil. Some communities set up special dates and locations for collecting these substances.
FLOURIDE
TAP WATER contains dangerous chemicals.
So precisely how dangerous is fluoride? Well, the Fluoride Dangers blog puts it this way….
Even small amounts of fluoride consumed from tap water can damage your bones, teeth, brain, disrupt your thyroid function, lower IQ and/or cause cancer, according to evidence revealed in a groundbreaking 2006 National Research Council (NRC) fluoride report produced by a panel of experts who reviewed hundreds of published fluoride studies.
That certainly does not sound good.
That certainly does not sound good.
So is fluoride in the water that you are drinking?
Perhaps you should find out.
The Natural Health and Longevity Resource Center has published a list of ten of the most significant health problems that scientific studies have shown that fluoride causes…
1. Fluoride exposure disrupts the synthesis of collagen and leads to the breakdown of collagen in bone, tendon, muscle, skin, cartilage, lungs, kidney and trachea.
2. Fluoride stimulates granule formation and oxygen consumption in white blood cells, but inhibits these processes when the white blood cell is challenged by a foreign agent in the blood.
3. Fluoride depletes the energy reserves and the ability of white blood cells to properly destroy foreign agents by the process of phagocytosis. As little as 0.2 ppm fluoride stimulates superoxide production in resting white blood cells, virtually abolishing phagocytosis. Even micro-molar amounts of fluoride, below 1 ppm, may seriously depress the ability of white blood cells to destroy pathogenic agents.
4. Fluoride confuses the immune system and causes it to attack the body’s own tissues, and increases the tumor growth rate in cancer prone individuals.
5. Fluoride inhibits antibody formation in the blood.
6. Fluoride depresses thyroid activity.
7. Fluorides have a disruptive effect on various tissues in the body.
8. Fluoride promotes development of bone cancer.
9. Fluorides cause premature aging of the human body.
10. Fluoride ingestion from mouth rinses and dentifrices in children is extremely hazardous to biological development, life span and general health.
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